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Crocidolite asbestos was even used as a component of one brand of cigarette filters between 1952 and 1956 anxiety black eyed peas buy wellbutrin sr 150mg otc. Asbestos found its way into plasters and stuccos depression levels cheap 150mg wellbutrin sr otc, was used in drilling mud for oil wells and other similar operations depression loss of appetite 150 mg wellbutrin sr otc, and was used in automobile body under-coatings great depression brief definition buy genuine wellbutrin sr on-line. Yams made from asbestos were used in a wide variety of ways, including rope, sewing threads, gas mask filters, wire covering, and for steam hoses, among others. Cloth made from asbestos was incorporated into blankets, mailbags, theater curtains and commercial products such as ironing board covers. Other consumer products, including hair dryers, bowling balls, toasters, play sand, and baby and adult talcum powders were shown to contain asbestos. Construction materials containing asbestos included millboards, cements, laboratory table tops, electrical pump insulation and mountings, and flooring. This listing of products is by no means comprehensive - asbestos was used in 3,000-4,000 commercial products. The current use of asbestos includes building supplies, such as roofing materials and asbestos cement pipes. For some countries, the continued sale of asbestos is a significant economic issue. This is in the face of irrefutable evidence of the health hazards of all forms of asbestos, and continuing evidence, especially in developing countries, of no real "controlled use" of asbestos, including chrysotile. China and India, for example, continue to mine and use asbestos, the most frequent use being in construction materials. Page 25 of216 growing economic power in Southeast Asia, continues to use large quantities of asbestos as well. Encouragement for the use of asbestos in such countries comes from the West, where the hazards are increasingly well recognized and actions are being taken internally to reduce or eliminate the use of asbestos containing products. The term pneumoconiosis, having been coined by Zenker72 in 1867 after examining the lungs and pleura of a man with siderosis, was applied to an increasing number of dust diseases of the lung. Morris Greenberg, who served as a medical member of the Inspectorate of Factories in Great Britain and is a scholar of the historical aspects of asbestos-related disease, wrote excellent historical overviews of the development of knowledge regarding the hazards of asbestos and the development of mesothelioma. In Great Britain, as early as 1898, the Lady Inspector of Factories made note of the fact that asbestos was causing disease among asbestos textile workers. In 1907, the autopsy findings, with commentary, were published and optimistically concluded that proper ventilation was now thought to be in place to spare additional workers disease in the future. In 1915 Collis, after giving a series of lectures, wrote up his findings on pneumoconiosis and discussed the problems of silicosis and asbestos-induced fibrosis, not yet called Zenker, Iron Lung-Siderosis Pulmonous. Departmental Committee on Compensation for Industrial Disease, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and Index, p. Although previously unnamed, the disease entities caused by exposure to asbestos were not unappreciated. In 1918, a vice president of the Prudential Life Insurance Company, who was a statistician, informed the company there was harm in breathing asbestos dust. At this point in time, Prudential ceased issuing policies on the lives of asbestos workers in the United States and Canada. Although not reported in the scientific literature until many decades later by Tweedale, relatively recent revelations written up revealed at least one major asbestos company in England knew, beginning in the 1920s that its workers were dying of lung cancer and mesothelioma. In 1930, Merewether and Price stated that "Ji]f there is visible asbestos dust, then the invisible dust is in dangerous concentration. The protective measures necessary to prevent asbestos disease are the same for asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma or other malignancies. A company that protected its workforce, their families, and bystander co-workers against any asbestos-induced disease would have reduced the risk to its work force from all asbestos-induced diseases. Indeed, if the company used the most basic protective measure - eliminating the use of asbestos in favor of a safer substance - the risk to both the worker and all others could have been eliminated entirely. These protective measures have been well known for at least 100 years and continue today to be the backbone of workplace safety when dealing with dangerous substances and processes in the workplace.
The first large-scale application of rare-earth metals began when Auer von Welsbach patented a pyrophoric alloy that comprised 70 percent mischmetal (a natural mixture of metallic rare-earth elements as derived from ore) and 30 percent iron in 1903 (Greinacher mood disorder residential treatment buy wellbutrin sr 150 mg low price, 1981) anxiety eating disorders order wellbutrin sr canada. Five years later anxiety or panic attacks buy wellbutrin sr 150mg online, the mischmetal-iron alloy was commercially marketed in an ignition system for incandescent gas lamps depression market definition order wellbutrin sr online from canada. In the 1940s, some applications were found for alloying rare-earth metals with ductile iron, but significant uses were not developed until the late 1960s. The use of individual rare-earth metals remained small until the 1950s when separation and metallurgical technologies improved. Demand then increased as lower cost individual rare-earth metals became available (Gschneidner, 1988). Except for very minor occurrences of this element in nature, most commercially available material is created in the laboratory. Because it is used in very small quantities and isotope price data are typically based on its radioactivity, promethium prices are not included in this report. Prices of commercial quantities of a complete range of rare-earth metals were first quoted in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price fluctuations in the late 1950s to 2010 were affected primarily by supply and demand, environmental legislation, and economic factors, especially inflation and energy costs (figs. The period was characterized by widespread commercialization of the individual rare earths, including compounds and metals. Demand for mischmetal increased late in the period as a result of its use in steel for the Alaskan oil pipeline. Double-digit inflation and higher energy costs increased operating costs throughout the mining industry. Rare-earth metal prices and operating costs followed the trend and began increasing in 1979. The main source of scandium at this time, the Soviet Union, ceased exports in 1984, reportedly because of internal demand for laser research. In 1985, demand for the rare earths used in petroleum fluid-cracking catalysts, their principal market, dropped sharply. The rapid decline was the result of environmental legislation reducing the amount of lead allowed in gasoline. This legislation caused refineries to switch to fluid-cracking catalysts that used significantly lower amounts of rare earths. Growth in the rare-earth industry between 1986 and 1998 was primarily in the markets for individual high-purity products. In the second tranche of the export quota issued in July 2010, the Government allocated 70 percent less than the second half 2009 allocation, resulting in a rare-earth export quota for 2010 that was 37. As a result of the drastic cut in the export quota, most rare-earth metal prices skyrocketed in the second half of 2010. As a result, industrial countries such as Japan, the United States, and countries of the European Union have continued studies and adopted policies to encourage alternative supplies of rare earths. The price of cerium metal increased in 1992 as demand increased for cerium compounds used in automotive catalytic converters. The price of yttrium metal declined in 1990, as low-cost yttrium from southern China became widely available on world markets. Prices for most other rare-earth metals stayed fairly stable or declined because of small demand and limited applications. Beginning in 2001, the prices listed in the accompanying tables and figures are bulk shipment prices for metal, free on board (f. Because of the small quantities of these rare-earth metals that are consumed in the United States, prices for erbium, holmium, lutetium, thulium, and ytterbium were not available. After China became the leading United States rare earths supplier, its internal policies had a substantial effect on United States and world prices.
This depression symptoms with bipolar buy discount wellbutrin sr 150mg online, combined with increased consumption in other categories depression in teens cheap wellbutrin sr american express, caused the producer price to increase dramatically in 1974 to a peak of $12 anxiety zoning out generic wellbutrin sr 150mg with mastercard. During 1974 depression job cheap 150 mg wellbutrin sr free shipping, a 21-percent decrease in domestic consumption affected all categories of bismuth consumption (Wyche, 1976). Prices trended sharply downward from 1975 to 1982 owing to increased world production, with little growth in consumption. In Bolivia, the only country where bismuth was mined as a principal product, production virtually ceased in 1980 owing to the sustained low price of bismuth (Metal Bulletin, 1982). In 1984, the price began to climb as consumption increased worldwide, especially in the United States and Japan. This led to the price reaching nearly $7 per pound, even though domestic consumers were able to compensate for this loss by obtaining bismuth elsewhere. In the early 1990s, research began on the evaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in such uses as ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food-processing equipment (Murray, 1993), free-machining brasses for plumbing applications (Feder, 1991), lubricating greases, and shot for waterfowl hunting (Lowry, 1993). During the mid-1990s, growth in these areas remained slow in spite of direct or indirect Government backing of bismuth for lead replacement. The 1996 Amendments to the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act required lead-free plumbing for new installations and repairs of facilities providing potable water by August 1998. Fish and Wildlife Service gave final approval for the use of bismuth-tin shot for waterfowl hunting (U. In 1997, after extended negotiations with local and Nebraska State authorities on environmental remediation, Asarco closed its Omaha smelter, the only site of domestic bismuth production. Thus, the United States became completely dependent on imports for its supply of primary bismuth. At the end of the 1990s, total bismuth demand increased moderately as consumption for new uses, especially hunting and plumbing applications, began to increase. Owing to low prices for bismuth, the reopening of the Tasna Mine in Bolivia, closed since 1980, was delayed. When production started, bismuth, copper, gold, and tungsten were to be coproducts (Mining Journal, 1999). During the late 1990s and through 2010, environmental and legislative pressure continued to mount against the use 18 Metal Prices in the United States Through 2010 Jasinski, S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997, Approval of bismuth-tin shot as non-toxic for waterfowl and coots hunting: Federal Register, v. These actions resulted in a growing market for bismuth, which was seen as being nontoxic. From 1990 to 2010, use of bismuth in some of its major applications began to subside as companies found that they could get approximate quality levels and lower their costs by using less bismuth. These trends were especially noted in the use of bismuth as an additive to free-machining aluminum and steel products, and also in a few of the medicinal applications. The merger had the effect of giving the newly merged company better control of the bismuth supply side, and therefore tended to boost the bismuth price higher than it may have otherwise been. Also in 2007, the increasing role of private investment commodity funds generally had the effect of causing higher metal prices. Fish and Wildlife Service gave final approval to Bi-97-percent-Sn shot for waterfowl hunting Omaha, Nebr. Cadmium metal was first produced commercially in Germany in the 19th century as a byproduct of the smelting of cadmium-bearing zinc ores of Upper Silesia. Cadmium minerals are not found in sufficient commercial quantities to be considered a main product in ore deposits. The metal is produced as a byproduct in the recovery of primary zinc from zinc ores and also from some lead or complex copper-lead-zinc ores. The feed material for cadmium production consists of fume and dust that are collected as flue dust in baghouses during the pyrometallurgical processing of zinc and residues that result from electrolytic zinc production.
Species concordance between tumor type(s) is not necessarily anticipated or expected mood disorder inventory order generic wellbutrin sr online. It is not at all clear anxiety neurosis wellbutrin sr 150mg with mastercard, however depression symptoms love purchase wellbutrin sr 150mg amex, whether the doses used in animal studies are predictors of the quantitative potency of such chemicals in their carcinogenic potential in humans depression zoloft not working buy wellbutrin sr 150mg line. It is recognized, however, that extraordinarily large doses greatly exceeding those typical of human exposures are also associated with marked physiological and often bizarre pharmacokinetic consequences. For chemicals of relatively low carcinogenic potency, but high local or systemic toxicity, it may be difficult to detect a carcinogenic response using currently available animal bioassay protocols and it is possible that such agents could be overlooked. The most acceptable evidence of carcinogenicity is a dose-response gradient for the various experimental groups which correlates with the exposure levels. In this manner, using properly selected models, one may be able to estimate the lowest dose (exposure) associated with a neoplastic response and subsequently assess the risk associated with airborne exposure levels and excursions. Replication of results in multiple species or confirmatory experiments enhance the overall "weight-ofevidence" given to study results. The importance of time-to-tumor and incidence of distant and multiple tumor sites is recognized, since differences between the exposed and control groups can be an important factor in the estimation of carcinogenic potential. However, results of genotoxicity assays can provide important supporting information on the mechanism of carcinogenicity. Where there is conflicting evidence in several animal studies, the differential results must be approached on a "weight-of-evidence" basis considering: the species and strain studied, the location(s) and type(s) of tumors observed, the dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of the agent in the species studied (preferably in light of published human pharmacokinetic and metabolic fate studies), and the statistical power of the test. Wherever possible, the route of administration used in a laboratory carcinogenicity bioassay should be similar or identical to the anticipated route of human exposure. Results of carcinogenesis bioassays in experimental animals cannot be used to prove that an agent does not cause cancer in human beings. Differences in the particular strains of animals and the historical incidence of the tumor type(s). Evidence for classification of an agent as an experimental (animal) carcinogen includes: Statistically significant dose-related increase in malignant tumors. An increase in the occurrence of very rare malignant tumors (example, - increases in tumors having a near zero incidence rate among the historical control data). For example, other histologic alterations, such as the development of squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium, may be a precursor of malignancy. Such changes by themselves, however, should not be taken as evidence for the classification as a carcinogen in experimental animals. Some chemical substances cause cancer, not by directly acting with genetic material in the cell, but by what are termed epigenetic mechanisms. The methods for assessing epigenetic carcinogens should differ from those for genotoxic agents. In general, since the dose-response relationship for genotoxic carcinogens (linear) appears to differ from that of nongenotoxic carcinogens (non-linear) the former group requires extrapolation to an acceptable level of risk while the latter requires a sufficient margin of safety when establishing occupational exposure limits. Various mathematical models have been proposed for the assessment of risk to humans, based on data derived from designed experiments on laboratory animals. These models involve extrapolation of risk from high doses used in experimental animals to generally much lower doses experienced by workers in an occupational setting. In general, these models are of two main types: linear one-hit models or multistage-multihit models. Linearized or one-hit models are useful for describing those agents with biochemical mechanisms of action akin to radiation-induced carcinogenesis, from which the linearized dose-response models are derived. All of the models proposed to date are confounded by various levels of uncertainty, particularly when attempting to quantitatively extrapolate from relatively high doses used in experimental carcinogenicity bioassays to the lower levels typically experienced by workers in an occupational environment. Theoretical estimates of excess cancer risk can be calculated using any of a variety of statistical models, but there is no current understanding whether any one or the other model is appropriate or accurate unless the biochemical toxicology and mechanism of action have been used to direct selection of such a model. In the absence of this knowledge, model selection is arbitrary and because of the different assumptions that must be made for the use of the different models, the theoretical estimates of risk for cancer that result can differ by orders of magnitude. Cell-kinetic multistage models, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for interspecies dose scaling, uncertainty factors, safety factors, time-to-tumor models, or other selected interspecies extrapolation methodology are each appropriate, depending upon the validity of the underlying assumptions for the particular agent under consideration and its biochemical mechanism of action A familiarity with quantitative risk assessment is becoming more important to occupational hygiene practice. It also overlays some additional practical aspects such as consideration of routes, exposure levels, etc. Characteristic Electrophile Genotoxic Key Characteristics of Carcinogens Example of Relevant Evidence Parent of metabolite with an electrophilic structure. Estrogen, AhR) or modulation of endogenous ligands Inhibition of senescence, cell transformation Increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, changes in growth factors, energetics and signaling pathways related to cellular replication or cell cycle control, angiogenesis Recommendation Classification with notations A1-A5 is limited to substances for which evidence exists (either positive or negative) regarding carcinogenicity.
Rocknest contains basaltic minerals along with several alteration phases (Table 2 anxiety heart pain purchase wellbutrin sr 150 mg with amex, [22]) depression drawings generic 150mg wellbutrin sr with amex. The major alteration phase in Rocknest is an X-ray amorphous component that includes the npOx phase(s) [6] depression symptoms extreme anger purchase wellbutrin sr 150 mg online. The amorphous phase also contains the S- and Cl-bearing volatile phases described above depression symptoms crying buy wellbutrin sr 150mg overnight delivery. There is still a large fraction of Si in the amorphous phase that may be a secondary alteration silicate; however, we cannot rule out the possibility of unaltered volcanic or impact glass [6,23]. Other alteration phases in the Rocknest soil are Ca-sulfate (anhydrite) and hematite. Physical Properties: We will limit our physical properties discussion of surface soil and dust to an overview. Edgett [24] presents a detailed analysis of the particle sizes and shapes of surface silts and sands in soil at the Gale crater landing site at this workshop. A key disadvantage of imagers on the Phoenix lander was the lack of mobility; the lander was restricted to obtaining materials in the area the Robotic Arm could reach. Quantitative mineralogy of the Rocknest windblown deposit (soil) in Gale crater [22]. Mineral Feldspar Olivine Pyroxene Magnetite Hematite Anhydrite Quartz Ilmenite X-ray Amorphous Rocknest Windblown Deposit -Wt. Note the larger peaks for the nanophase Fe-oxides (np-Ox) in the dust indicating more np-Ox in the dust [legend: Ol = olivine, Px = pyroxene, npOx = nanophase Fe-oxide, Ilm = ilmenite, Mt = magnetite, Hm = hematite]. Particle size distributions of soil is poorly constrained because microscope resolution can only resolve coarse silt, sand, and larger grains. This low volume percent of clay-sized particles seems unreasonable for other soils on Mars based on alteration mineralogy and chemistry. We assume that the npOx is in the clay-size fraction and a portion of the X-ray amorphous component is similarly sized. This amount of npOx would place the lower limit of clay-sized particles at about 3 wt. The estimated amount of X-ray amorphous materials in Rocknest windblown deposit is about 35 wt. We can estimate that about 21 % of the soil materials have been altered by chemical alteration based on the Fe3+/FeTotal of 0. The shape of discrete dust particles may play an important role in human health issues. The only data we have acquired on Mars that can resolve dust particles is from the atomic force microscope. Dust particles are irregularly shaped but appear to have rounded edges, possibly a result of aeolian processes. Summary: Soil and dust on Mars have basaltic compositions, but are enriched in S, Cl, and npOx compared to crustal materials. The correlation of S, Cl, and npOx in soil/dust and their greater abundances in dust suggests that they are a component primarily associated with aeolian martian dust. Oxychlorine compounds are found wide spread in soil/dust and are almost certainly a component of the martian dust. Chromium in soil and dust is unlikely to attain the hexavalent state and not likely to be a viable health hazard for humans. Soil is produced by a combination of geologic processes including physical (impact, wind) and chemical (aqueous alteration, oxidation) processing of local and regional basaltic materials. The impacts of dust and soil on human missions must be addressed, but we do not foresee any "show stoppers" based on available data.
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